Cotton production declines to a 15-year low in FY25-26

India's cotton production has declined to a 15-year low of 25 million bales in FY25-26. This is mainly due to factors like the pink bollworm and other pests and fungal infections severely impacting cotton output. Many farmers continue to use traditional methods, resulting in low productivity (480 kg/ha compared to the world average of 800 kg/ha) and lower-quality fiber. Small and new farmers, in particular, lack access to modern techniques, certified seeds, and effective weed management, which widens the gap in yield and quality.

Rising costs for seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, combined with cheaper imported cotton, are making farming economically unviable, especially for small-scale farmers.

Farmers often have limited access to markets and are forced to sell their cotton below the government's Minimum Support Price (MSP). Additionally, global market fluctuations, including tariffs and duties, are cutting into their profits and making Indian cotton less competitive on the export market.